Phrenology bust research

Today I observed people researching a Phrenology bust. They first made their observations, then they started researching on their computer. They started of using search terms such as " Phrenology and Phrenology Bust." Then they went on to start researching the years they were made. One person in my group rescued all of the writing on the Bust, while the other person researched how to tell if it was a real Phrenology bust. We learned that these are no longer in use and that the one we were observing was not real, but a replica. Provenance- the place of origin or the earliest know history of something.

Urban Life

           Without the new inventions such as electric companies, bridges, skyscrapers, and new forms of transportation, Urban life would not have been the same in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.

Edison Electric first generator

            After the invention of the light bulb and other utilities that needed electricity, the need and want for public electricity was very high. Edison Electric Illuminating company was the first electricity company in America. On September 4,1882 they started up their 27 ton generator that powered 1,100 lights. The price that they were charging was even competitive enough to compete with gas prices. Soon more and more electrical companies emerged, and by the end of 1900 there were 30 companies distributing and generating electricity.

The first Skyscraper

Cast iron and steel skyscraper frame

            The electrical companies also helped solve a big problem with skyscrapers. No one wanted to walk up 5 or more flights of stairs so buildings had to be shorter, but with electricity now being accessible to buildings it now allowed them to have elevators. The first skyscraper was finished on January 1, 1885, it was designed and built by William Le Baron Jenny from Massachusetts. Many architects before him had trouble getting building to be very tall, and now where near skyscraper tall. Building were nearly impossible to make taller then 5 stories. The construction of them was also very dangerous and expensive. Then in the 1870s there was a new method of constructing tall buildings, using cast iron and steel beams. This made buildings much taller and allowed for even more people to live in a smaller space.

Current picture of the Brooklyn Bridge

           More people living in a smaller space caused the need for new bridges and road. The reason bridges could not before the 1870s be that long was just like how buildings could not be that tall, the builders did not have strong enough materials to build them with. The use of steel beams, cast iron, and a new form of bridge, the suspension bridge, allowed for bridges like the Brooklyn bridge to be built. The Brooklyn Bridge was finished in 1833 and is still in use. Over 600 workers worked on it, and it helped connect Manhattan and Brooklyn. The need for larges bridges was not the only transportation problem. Many cities needed roads to accommodate the heavy traffic flow. Streets were too narrow and not paved. Cities soon developed new was to pave roads, but that still did not solve the traffic problem.

The first elevated railroad

            Cities started to realize that everyone needing their own personal form of transportation in a urban environment was not going to work, it was just way too crowded. Many cites turned to public transportation in an effort to solve their transportation issues. The only problem was they did not have enough space to put a big train running through a city, so they had to find new forms of transportation. In 1870 New York
opened the first elevated railway in an attempted to solve the transportation problem. In Richmond Virginia the first electric trolley was constructed in 1888. By the end of 1895 more than 850 towns had electric trollies. For some cities such as Boston electric trolleys  were not enough to solve their transportation issue. The trolley lines were moved underground in Boston to not take up space above group, therefore inventing subways. The first subway in Boston was finished in 1897. Soon New York got a subway too. It was the largest subway in American. It was 9.1 miles long and had 28 stations.
            All of these inventions allowed for cites to become even more urbanized. Solving the problems in these cities often created new ones, but it did not keep the inventors from trying to solve all of the problems that came with an Urban life.

Sources:

1.Conedison is the first electrical company supplying electricity to homes in New York. This is their website.

2.This website page on history.com tells some of the history of the Brooklyn Bridge.

4. This an Guardian article about the history of cities and it talks about the first skyscrapers.

5.This is an website for the Transit Museum and it talks about the kinds of transportation in history and when they were invited, where and how.

6. This is a history.com article about the first subway to open in the USA.

7. This is an article by the New York Subway Organization about the first above ground subway in the USA.

8. This is the book we are learning from in class. I researched about skyscrapers, transportation, and electricity in it.  

Migration

           I was surprised while researching about migration, that so many people migrate. I found that there are many different reasons for people to migrate. Some of the reasons are personal reasons, or ones that do not effect a large group of people. Other reasons such as diseases, wars, and governments can cause a large number roof people to migrate. When there is a large emigration like this it is iterating to see where people go. Some people will go to the closest country to escape the problem, this is what most people do. Others will travel far away, like traveling from North Korea to America.

 This chart show the migration from between countries in 2005. 

Philanthropy

          Today we discussed philanthropy in class, and i learned that it is very different that charity. Charity is when you see needs people have and you solve them right away. Philanthropy is when you try to do something to solve that problem permanently. If i had a lot of money to give away then i would try to increase the use of technology in places that don't have it.

I believe this picture shows how one persons charitable givings can inspire many more people to give money, and how just like the tree, one persons money can grow into something much more. 

Bradley Martin Ball

1. Based on this newspaper I can tell that all of the people thought that the Bradley Martin Ball was way over the top.  The newspaper talks about how much money and preparation when into the ball. The newspaper gave the story about the ball the front page, and showed it as a fun and cool event.
2. This article makes the ball seem like it was great and one of the best events to go on in New York for a long time. From this source you an learn the perspective of a person who loves the ball and what happened at it.
3.This article talks about how the clergyman thought the money should have been used to help poor people. He saw the ball as a problem because it made the gap between the poor and the rich greater.
4.This article talks about how you could see the people who attended the ball as they were leaving the house it was at in the morning. It also talks about tall the the different people they dressed up as.
5.

Thinking about success

Most important words for achieving success
1. hard work
2. opportunity
3. skill
4. luck

      I believe hard work is the most important part of being successful. If you ever talk to someone who has made a large amount of money, from a form of work, not the lottery, they will often say they got their money from hard work. You can start any where in life and if you work hard enough you can accomplish anything. Opportunity can make it so that you do not have to put in as much work and so that becoming successful will take less time. Skill is acquired through hard work and if you are not skillful at something then you need to put in more work. There are some special cases when someone might be disabled and have a hard time at becoming skilled at something or not be able to become skilled at something, but there are other things they can become skilled at so they should not give up.
Luck is not important at all because luck does not exist and if you try to rely on it then you will not accomplish anything.

Supply Chain Management

       After reading a article about Zara I learned how they are one of the most profitable clothing companies in the world. They always have the latest and most trendy clothes in their stores. This is because they focus on selling the most fashionable clothes as soon as possible at a low cost. They make a lot of money from this because every time a customer comes into the store there is a more fashionable piece of clothing for them to buy, that was not there last time they went to the store.
       The company H&M uses a similar approach to selling clothes. They do not change out the inventory of their stores as often as Zara. Instead, they have less trend items that are seasonal, and that are very unlikely to be unfashionable, that are changed every season. They also have a smaller amount of items that get changed every 2 weeks that are very trendy. Both companies are using a new and very profitable approach to clothing retail.